-
1 Inoue Masaru
[br]b. 1 August 1843 Hagi, Choshu, Japand. 2 August 1910 London, England[br]Japanese "Father of Japanese Railways".[br]In the early 1860s, most travel in Japan was still by foot and the Japanese were forbidden by their government to travel abroad. Inoue was one of a small group of students who left Japan illegally in 1863 for London. There he studied English, mathematics and science, and afterwards mineralogy and railways. Inoue returned to Japan in 1868, when the new Meiji Government reopened the country to the outside world after some 200 years of isolation. Part of its policy, despite opposition, was to build railways; at Inoue's suggestion, the gauge of 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) was adopted. Initially capital, engineers, skilled labour and materials ranging from locomotives to pencils and stationery were all imported from Britain; Edmund Morel was the first Chief Engineer. In 1871 Inoue was appointed Director of the Government Railway Bureau and he became the driving force behind railway development in Japan for more than two decades. The first line, from Tokyo to Yokohama, was opened in 1872, to be followed by others, some of them at first isolated. The number of foreigners employed, most of them British, peaked at 120 in 1877 and then rapidly declined as the Japanese learned to take over their tasks. In 1878, at Inoue's instance, construction of a line entirely by Japanese commenced for the first time, with British engineers as consultants only. It was ten years before Japanese Railways' total route was 70 miles (113 km) long; over the next ten years, this increased to 1,000 miles (1,600 km) and the system continued to grow rapidly. During 1892–3, a locomotive was built in Japan for the first time, under the guidance of Locomotive Superintendent R.F.Trevithick, grandson of the pioneer Richard Trevithick: it was a compound 2–4–2 tank engine, with many parts imported from Britain. Locomotive building in Japan then blossomed so rapidly that imports were discontinued, with rare exceptions, from 1911. Meanwhile Inoue had retired in 1893; he was on a visit to England at the time of his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsViscount 1887.Bibliography1909, "Japanese communications: railroads", in Count Shigenobu Okuma (ed.), Fifty Years of New Japan (English version ed. M.B.Huish), Smith, Elder, Ch. 18.Further ReadingT.Richards and K.C.Rudd, 1991 Japanese Railways in the Meiji Period 1868–1912, Uxbridge: Brunel University (one of the few readily available accounts in English of the origins of Japanese Railways).PJGR -
2 Masaru, Inoue
See: Inoue Masaru -
3 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
4 Pihl, Carl Abraham
[br]b. 16 January 1825 Stavanger, Norwayd. 14 September 1897 Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway[br]Norwegian railway engineer, protagonist of narrow-gauge railways.[br]Pihl trained as an engineer at Göteborg, Sweden, and then moved to London, where he worked under Robert Stephenson during 1845 and 1846. In 1850 he returned to Norway and worked with the English contractors building the first railway in Norway, the Norwegian Trunk Railway from Kristiania to Eidsvold, for which the English standard gauge was used. Subsequently he worked in England for a year, but in 1856 joined the Norwegian government's Road Department, which was to have responsibility for railways. In 1865 a distinct Railway Department was set up, and Pihl became Director for State Railway Construction. Because of the difficulties of the terrain and limited traffic, Pihl recommended that in the case of two isolated lines to be built the outlay involved in ordinary railways would not be justified, and that they should be built to the narrow gauge of 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m). His recommendation was accepted by the Government in 1857 and the two lines were built to this gauge and opened during 1861–4. Six of their seven locomotives, and all their rolling stock, were imported from Britain. The lines cost £3,000 and £5,000 per mile, respectively; a standard-gauge line built in the same period cost £6,400 per mile.Subsequently, many hundreds of miles of Norwegian railways were built to 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) gauge under Pihl's direction. They influenced construction of railways to this gauge in Australia, Southern Africa, New Zealand, Japan and elsewhere. However, in the late 1870s controversy arose in Norway over the economies that could in fact be gained from the 3 ft 6 in. (1,07 m) gauge. This controversy in the press, in discussion and in the Norwegian parliament became increasingly acrimonious during the next two decades; the standard-gauge party may be said to have won with the decision in 1898, the year after Pihl's death, to build the Bergen-Oslo line to standard gauge.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight of the Order of St Olaf 1862; Commander of the Order of St Olaf 1877. Commander of the Royal Order of Vasa 1867. Royal Order of the Northern Star 1882.Further ReadingP.Allen and P.B.Whitehouse, 1959, Narrow Gauge Railways of Europe, Ian Allan (describes the Norwegian Battle of the Gauges).A biographical article on Pihl appears (in Norwegian) in Norsk Biografisk Leksikon.PJGR -
5 Railways and locomotives
Biographical history of technology > Railways and locomotives
См. также в других словарях:
Inoue Masaru — nihongo|Inoue Masaru|井上 勝|Inoue Masaru|1843–1910 was known as the father of the Japanese railways .He was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi (Original son of Katsuyuki Inoue). He briefly was adopted into the Nomura family and became… … Wikipedia
Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat) — Inoue Masaru redirects here. For other uses, see Inoue Masaru (disambiguation). In this Japanese name, the family name is Inoue . Inoue Masaru Born August 25, 1843 Hagi, Yamaguchi, Japan Died August 2, 1910 London Occupation … Wikipedia
Masaru Inoue (astronomer) — Masaru Inoue redirects here. For other uses, see Masaru Inoue (disambiguation). Masaru Inoue (井上傑, Inoue Masaru?) is a Japanese astronomer in Tokyo, Japan. He is a discoverer of several asteroids. He and Osamu Muramatsu are accredited with the… … Wikipedia
Masaru Inoue (disambiguation) — Masaru Inoue may refer to: Masaru Inoue (astronomer), Japanese astronomer Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat) (1843 – 1910), Japanese engineer and bureaucrat, Father of Japan s Railways This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same… … Wikipedia
Masaru — Hayami, the 28th Governor of the Bank of Japan Pronunciation Má sá rú Gender Male Origin … Wikipedia
Masaru Inoue — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Masaru et Inoue. Masaru Inoue (井上傑) est un astronome japonais s intéressant aux astéroïdes. Références (en) Liste alphabétique des découvreurs d astéroïdes, publiée par le Minor Planet Cen … Wikipédia en Français
Masaru Inoue — Liste der entdeckten Asteroiden: 12 (3432) Kobuchizawa 7. März 1986 [1] [2] (4033) Yatsugatake 16. März 1986 [1] (4219) Nakamura 19. Februar 1988 [1] (4577) Chikako 30. November 1988 [3] … Deutsch Wikipedia
Masaru Konuma — Born December 30, 1937 (1937 12 30) (age 73) Otaru, Hokkaidō, Japan Occupation Film director Years active 1971 2000 … Wikipedia
Masaru Konuma — Masaru Konuma(1937 ) Données clés Naissance 30 décembre … Wikipédia en Français
Inoue — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Akihisa Inoue, japanischer Materialwissenschaftler Inoue Genzaburō (1829–1868), Anführer der 6. Einheit der Shinsengumi Inoue Hisashi (* 1934), japanischer Schriftsteller Hiroshi Inoue (1932–1989),… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Masaru Inoue — (井上傑) is a Japanese astronomer.He has discovered a number of asteroids … Wikipedia
